This data would be valuable in the creation of future artificial satellites; a system of ground stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. [57] If the temperature inside the satellite exceeded 36 °C (97 °F), the fan was turned on; when it fell below 20 °C (68 °F), the fan was turned off by the dual thermal switch. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. The satellite carried two pairs of antennas designed by the Antenna Laboratory of OKB-1, led by Mikhail V. Sputnik 1 burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's atmosphere, after three months, 1,440 completed orbits of the Earth,[3] and a distance travelled of about 70 million km (43 million mi). Name: Sputnik: 1. About Release. [118] There are other full-size Sputnik replicas (with varying degrees of accuracy) on display in locations around the world, including the National Air and Space Museum in the US,[115] the Science Museum in the United Kingdom,[119] the Powerhouse Museum in Australia,[120] and outside the Russian embassy in Spain. [97] To set a precedent for "freedom of space" before the launch of America's secret WS-117L spy satellites,[98] the U.S. had launched Project Vanguard as its own "civilian" satellite entry for the International Geophysical Year. "[67] The R-7 core stage, with a mass of 7.5 tonnes and a length of 26 metres, also reached Earth orbit. [38][61], The Sputnik rocket was launched on 4 October 1957 at 19:28:34 UTC (5 October at the launch site[3][5]) from Site No.1 at NIIP-5. Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The batteries had an expected lifetime of two weeks, and operated for 22 days. A temperature regulation system contained a fan, a dual thermal switch, and a control thermal switch. [8], While attached to the rocket, Sputnik 1 was protected by a cone-shaped payload fairing, with a height of 80 cm (31.5 in). [38] The fairing separated from both Sputnik and the spent R-7 second stage at the same time as the satellite was ejected. [82], Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The power supply was turned on automatically at the moment of the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket. The launch of Sputnik 1 provoked a panic in the United States that catalyzed a flurry of investment and research, which ultimately put man on the moon. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26-metre core stage of the R-7. Project Mercury: Main-in-Space Program of NASA, Report of the Committee on Aeronautical Sciences, United States Senate, 1 December 1959, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, legal status of orbital satellite overflights, Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes, "Sputnik 1, Earth's First Artificial Satellite in Photos", "APOD: October 3, 1998 – Sputnik: Traveling Companion", "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space", "On the possibility of Earth's artificial satellite development", Создание первых искусственных спутников Земли. SPUTNIK. The models, manufactured by OKB-1 and NII-885 (headed by Mikhail Ryazansky), were introduced on February 15, 1957. With Oksana Akinshina, Fedor Bondarchuk, Pyotr Fyodorov, Anton Vasilev. If readers know of additional information or images, please contact the authors using the e-mail addresses at the bottom of this page. Someone pulled the key out before loading the satellite onto the launch capsule. [9][10] The word "sputnik" is Russian for satellite when interpreted in an astronomical context;[11] its other meanings are spouse or traveling companion.[12][13]. "[74] The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by RCA engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. [115][122], The Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI is a class of full-scale laboratory models of the satellite. Unlike Energia's unit, it has no internal components, but it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which suggests[according to whom?] [48] Canada's Newbrook Observatory was the first facility in North America to photograph Sputnik 1. [48] The booster rocket was located and tracked by the British using the Lovell Telescope at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, the only telescope in the world able to do so by radar. [16] Object D would later fly as Sputnik 3. This is just in time for the country to open up vaccinations for everyone above the age of 18 years. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the X-15 rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the Apollo command and service module and Saturn V launch vehicle's second stage, was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The launch of Sputnik also planted the seeds for the development of modern satellite navigation. Because of the limited time frame, observations were planned for only 7 to 10 days and orbit calculations were not expected to be extremely accurate. Sputnik, or satellite, after the Russian word for "companion in travel" or "satellite," is the name of the world's first artificial satellite.Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, awed the world, ushered the space age, and had global political repercussions.. The Communist Party newspaper Pravda only printed a few paragraphs about Sputnik 1 on 4 October. Two of these batteries powered the radio transmitter and one powered the temperature regulation system. Anyone who doubted its existence could walk into the backyard just after sunset and see it. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. [38], A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket. Learn how aviation and spaceflight transformed the world. Sputnik 1 (/ˈspʌtnɪk, ˈspʊtnɪk/; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1")[6] was the first artificial Earth satellite. Initially, U.S. President Eisenhower was not surprised by Sputnik 1. After reviewing information publicly available before the launch, the science writer Willy Ley wrote in 1958: If somebody tells me that he has the rockets to shoot—which we know from other sources, anyway—and tells me what he will shoot, how he will shoot it, and in general says virtually everything except for the precise date—well, what should I feel like if I'm surprised when the man shoots? No one who was alive at that time can forget the electricity of the moment when humans first lofted a satellite into orbit. [121] Sputnik 41 was launched a year later, and Sputnik 99 was deployed in February 1999. [26] The rocket was the most powerful in the world; it was designed with excessive thrust since they were unsure how heavy the hydrogen bomb payload would be. Meanwhile, the televised failure of Vanguard TV3 on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the Space Race. [66] A small highly polished sphere, the satellite was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus harder to follow optically. [104][105] After the launch of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its ion composition, the solar wind, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. [38] Located back in Moscow (at Bolshevo), NII-4 was a scientific research arm of the Ministry of Defence that was dedicated to missile development. [35] The unsuccessful launch of the third R-7 rocket (8K71 No.7) took place on 12 July. [109] Astronauts Alan Shepard (who was the first American in space) and Deke Slayton later wrote of how the sight of Sputnik 1 passing overhead inspired them to their new careers. The satellite travelled at a peak speed of about 8,000 metres per second (18,000 mph; 29,000 km/h), taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit. [100] One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture. They were one watt each, both were 3.5 kg. [49], The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at OKB-1 was Mikhail S. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Audio from Army documentary: 90 days to put a … [57] Sputnik 1 was filled with dry nitrogen, pressurized to 1.3 atm. Nicholas Barnett '"Russia Wins Space Race"': The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957': Wilson, C. (n.d.). The selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, but the site would not be completed until 1958. Three silver-zinc batteries to power transmitters. They then drove the tape recording into Manhattan for broadcast to the public over NBC radio. As it orbited over Kansas, Iowa, and New York, curious … The successful launch shocked the world, giving the former Soviet Union the distinction of putting the first human-made object into space. The transmitters worked on two frequencies, 40.002 and 20.005 MHz. Pioneer 10/11 Spacecraft Image. Inside Sputnik 1 ; Inside Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 was the first satellite to orbit the Earth and began a "space race" between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. [113], The flag of the Russian city of Kaluga, which, due to its importance as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birthplace, is very focused on space, features a small Sputnik in the canton. [55] If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses. [65] They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting before Korolev called Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. [30] A special reconnaissance commission selected Tyuratam for the construction of a rocket proving ground, the 5th Tyuratam range, usually referred to as "NIIP-5", or "GIK-5" in the post-Soviet time. [34] An electrical short caused the vernier engines to put the missile into an uncontrolled roll which resulted in all of the strap-ons separating 33 seconds into the launch. Signals on the first frequency were transmitted in 0.3 s pulses (near f = 3 Hz) (under normal temperature and pressure conditions onboard), with pauses of the same duration filled by pulses on the second frequency. [62] Telemetry indicated that the strap-ons separated 116 seconds into the flight and the core stage engine shutdown 295.4 seconds into the flight. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union stunned everyone by launching the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem: pinpointing the user's location, given the satellite's. The decision to build it was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954. Mariner 2 Spacecraft Image. The Simplest Satellite, known more commonly as Sputnik-1, was designed as a sealed ball-shaped container with the diameter of 22 inches. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September,[34] was also successful, but the dummy was also destroyed on atmospheric re-entry,[36] and hence needed a redesign to completely fulfill its military purpose. [51] The hemispheres were 2 mm thick,[52] and were covered with a highly polished 1 mm-thick heat shield[53] made of an aluminium–magnesium–titanium alloy, AMG6T. Viking Lander Sample Canisters The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,[88] resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research, and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems. Add their name to the Museum’s Wall of Honor. [115] Two more Sputnik backups are said to be in the personal collections of American entrepreneurs Richard Garriott[115] and Jay S. The purpose of this transmission was to provide proof to the rest of the world that the Soviet Union had succeeded in launching the first manmade satellite. Walker. [24], Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April–May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. [46] The data was useful even after the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket; Sputnik's location was calculated from the data on the second stage's location which followed Sputnik at a known distance. Its radio signal was easily detectable by radio amateurs,[8] and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. [18] On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov—the head of the State Commission on the R-7 rocket test launches—held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. [63], At 19.9 seconds after engine cut-off, PS-1 separated from the second stage[3] and the satellite's transmitter was activated. Understandably, the title is […] [38][44] Stations were equipped with radar, optical instruments, and communications systems. I t was a Space Race victory that would have broken Sarah McLachlan’s heart. Authenticated by the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow, the unit was auctioned in 2001 and purchased by an anonymous private buyer, who donated it to the museum. [42], PS-1 was not designed to be controlled; it could only be observed. Directed by Egor Abramenko. On Friday, 4 October 1957, the Soviets had orbited the world's first artificial satellite. [50], The control system of the Sputnik rocket was adjusted to an intended orbit of 223 by 1,450 km (139 by 901 mi), with an orbital period of 101.5 min. Catalog numbers, years of issue, and notes on the satellites featured are given when available. At the time, the Navy was developing the submarine-launched Polaris missile, which required them to know the submarine's location. This mentions the name of this release, when it was released, who made it, a link to 'series' and a link to the homepage of the release. Data from stations were transmitted by telegraphs into NII-4 where ballistics specialists calculated orbital parameters. Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information. Our movies and television programs in the fifties were full of the idea of going into space. It kept the radio transmitter from being activated by the battery. Initial data at the launch site would be collected at six separate observatories and telegraphed to NII-4. Recognize your favorite air or space enthusiast. Laika, Russian cosmonaut dog, in 1957. Two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) decided to monitor Sputnik's radio transmissions[124] and within hours realized that, because of the Doppler effect, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space. [25] This version allowed the satellite to be tracked visually by Earth-based observers, and it could transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations. [86] Privately, however, the CIA and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery. [110], The launch of Sputnik 1 led to the resurgence of the suffix -nik in the English language. the Ministry of the Defence Industry and its primary design bureau, the Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry would develop the control system, radio/technical instruments, and the, the Ministry of the Ship Building Industry would develop, the Ministry of the Machine Building would develop ground launching, refueling and transportation means, the Ministry of the Defense was responsible for conducting launches, This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 23:09. 4. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. [57], The satellite had a one-watt, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)[38] radio transmitting unit inside, developed by Vyacheslav I. Lappo from NII-885, the Moscow Electronics Research Institute,[57][58] that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. It had a mass of 83.6 kilograms (184 lb). Don’t miss our fast-paced webcasts designed to engage students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math in 30 minutes. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches. [86][90] An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes. Date release: 4 Apr 2019. It is hard to recall the atmosphere of the time. Polished thermal shield (1mm thick) 2. Mexico has already received more than 1 million doses of Sputnik V in recent months. The state of … Krayushkin. [57] Tests of the satellite were conducted at OKB-1 under the leadership of Oleg G. This became a dominant issue in the 1960 Presidential campaign. Sputnik 1 was filled with dry nitrogen, pressurized to 1.3 atm. It orbited for three weeks before its batteries died and then orbited silently for two months before it fell back into the atmosphere on the 4th January 1958. Consequently, the government rescheduled the launch for April 1958. The small spherical satellite transmitted a “beep-beep” beacon on 145.820 MHz, … [60] At shutdown, the 7.5-tonne core stage (with PS-1 attached) had attained an altitude of 223 km (139 mi) above sea level, a velocity of 7,780 m/s (25,500 ft/s), and a velocity vector inclination to the local horizon of 0 degrees 24 minutes. [107], One irony of the Sputnik event was the initially low-key response of the Soviet Union. Inside of the spherical body was an inner casing that mounted the transmitters and the four antennas. It was a first magnitude object following behind the satellite and visible at night. On 14 June 1956, Korolev decided to adapt the R-7 rocket to the 'Object D' (Sputnik 3),[32] that would later be replaced by the much lighter 'Object PS' (Sputnik 1). ‘Sputnik’ taps into our fear of space and the unknown. [43] The six observatories were clustered around the launch site, with the closest situated 1 km (0.62 mi) from the launch pad. [55], The power supply, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb), was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole. The R-7 crashed about 7 km (4.3 mi) from the pad. The sense of anxiety was inflamed by Democratic politicians and professional cold warriors, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind. On Oct. 4, 1957, Sputnik 1 successfully launched and entered Earth's orbit. INSIDE SPUTNIK 1. Ivanovsky. [83] Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution, on 7 November 1957. [28] At the time, the R-7 was known to NATO sources as the T-3 or M-104,[29] and Type A. [36], The launch of the fourth rocket (8K71 No.8), on 21 August at 15:25 Moscow Time,[34] was successful. [86] These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.[86]. [59] Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched, was a 83.6-kg (184-pound) capsule. [45], The observatories used a trajectory measurement system called "Tral", developed by OKB MEI (Moscow Energy Institute), by which they received and monitored data from transponders mounted on the R-7 rocket's core stage. [38][64] The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit. [44] These tracking stations were located at Tyuratam, Sary-Shagan, Yeniseysk, Klyuchi, Yelizovo, Makat in Guryev Oblast, and Ishkup in Krasnoyarsk Krai. ‘Sputnik‘ is Egor Abramenko’s directorial debut, and the science-fiction horror movie follows a young doctor. India will receive the first batch of Russia’s Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine by May 1. (Sputnik-2 dog) This page contains (selected) philatelic information on the Sputnik-2 satellite. What came as a surprise was that it was the Soviet Union that launched the first satellite. [92][93] The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive. [71] The USAF Cambridge Research Center collaborated with Bendix-Friez, Westinghouse Broadcasting, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to obtain a video of Sputnik's rocket body crossing the pre-dawn sky of Baltimore, broadcast on 12 October by WBZ-TV in Boston. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS'. [99] Eisenhower greatly underestimated the reaction of the American public, who were shocked by the launch of Sputnik and by the televised failure of the Vanguard Test Vehicle 3 launch attempt. Author: Ameer Pornillos. [56] It consisted of three silver-zinc batteries, developed at the All-Union Research Institute of Power Sources (VNIIT) under the leadership of Nikolai S. Lidorenko. Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome). Rutan Voyager Body Image. 5. 3. One resides just outside Moscow in the corporate museum of Energia, the modern descendant of Korolev's design bureau, where it is on display by appointment only. [117], In 1959, the Soviet Union donated a replica of Sputnik to the United Nations. Our scientists are involved in current research focused on the Martian climate and geology. A fourth replica was launched, but never deployed, and was destroyed when Mir was deorbited. This satellite, named Object D, was planned to be completed in 1957–58; it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,100 lb) and would carry 200 to 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) of scientific instruments. [21] The first test launch of "Object D" was scheduled for 1957. [47] Tracking of the booster during launch had to be accomplished through purely passive means such as visual coverage and radar detection. [16], On 29 July 1955, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced through his press secretary that, during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), the United States would launch an artificial satellite. [2], On 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite to the Minister of the Defence Industry, Dimitri Ustinov. [15] Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology. Начало изучения Луны. Спутники "Зенит" и "Электрон", book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. The satellite had a barometric switch, activated if the pressure inside the satellite fell below 130 kPa, which would have indicated failure of the pressure vessel or puncture by a meteor, and would have changed the duration of radio signal impulse. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West. [3], The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range. Inside Sputnik 1 Image. [83] When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. Assembly of the aft hemisphere for the PS-1 satellite. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov, with an overview of similar projects abroad. Its … ×. [111][112] The American writer Herb Caen was inspired to coin the term "beatnik" in an article about the Beat Generation in the San Francisco Chronicle on 2 April 1958. Since the sphere was filled with nitrogen under pressure, Sputnik 1 provided the first opportunity for meteoroid detection (no such events were reported), since losses in internal pressure due to meteoroid penetration of the outer surface would have been evident in the temperature data. [76], The success of Sputnik 1 seemed to have changed minds around the world regarding a shift in power to the Soviets. [38][39], On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik and indexed as 8K71PS,[40] arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began. [68], The core stage of the R-7 remained in orbit for two months until 2 December 1957, while Sputnik 1 orbited for three months, until 4 January 1958, having completed 1,440 orbits of the Earth.[3]. Sputnik's technical description. Many newspapers and magazines heralded the arrival of the Space Age. (, "Korolev and Freedom of Space: 14 February 1990 – 4 October 1957", "On the creation of the Earth's artificial satellite", "G. S. Vetrov, Korolev And His Job. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps. For other uses, see, Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection. Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. The first, named Sputnik 40 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, was deployed in November 1997. Core stage cutoff was intended for T+296 seconds, but the premature propellant depletion caused thrust termination to occur one second earlier when a sensor detected overspeed of the empty RP-1 turbopump. 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Orf number is indicated above the genome along with orientations, clockwise in blue and counterclockwise in.. Who developed the rocket Union donated a replica of Sputnik 1 's signal made... Radio operators to tape record the signal being transmitted from the pad 2, on 3 November 1957 an... 90 ] an advanced research group was assembled for military purposes the distinction of putting the first in... And almost dismissive the … inside Sputnik became a dominant issue in space! Amateur and professional radio operators throughout the world and spurred the fledgling U.S. space into! Were placed on the construction of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy required! `` [ 74 ] the first facility in North America to photograph Sputnik 1 ( outer )! Ussr requested amateur and professional Cold warriors, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind also!