Linhares, A. 214 High Street, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of gender development suggests that gender development takes place during the third stage of his psychosexual theory of personality development. […] [T]his issue tends towards a perspective of what gender allows us to think and what it does to psychoanalysis. Vous avez été déconnecté car votre compte est utilisé à partir d'un autre appareil. If we observe what the theoretical controversies have been able to produce by way of debate, we are able to situate first of all the battle between the theory of psychoanalysis and queer theory, for example. My psychoanalysis reading will offer ideas of the unconscious and the Oedipus complex, using the theory of Sigmund Freud and writer Bruno Bettelheim. Development of gender in psychoanalytic theory is different for boys and for girls: boys are more likely to experience the Oedipus complex and identify … Chilan, C. (2011). He explains how, up until the eighteenth century, there existed a relative tolerance for the hermaphrodite who had to determine his or her sex. This is produced, in our opinion, by the opening of the subversion of the sexual that psychoanalysis initiated, and whose recent theoretical productions pursue the narrative (represented by French Theory, by Cultural Studies, and so on and so forth). However, yet again, gender remains “outside sex”. Gender roles are the ‘social definition’ of women and men. We could start off from an historical study of the relationships between psychoanalysis and the sexual questions that have emerged from the sexual minorities. 9 The second being a method of therapy (psychotherapeutic) that derived from the type of investigation mentioned above. We have seen how gender eludes, more or less, any attempt at definition, which attests to its usefulness as a category of critical analysis, such as it has revealed itself over a period that reaches back more than thirty years. The subject of the unconscious, the subject of psychoanalysis, is not a subject who avows. The theory has evolved considerably since Freud's time, and contemporary object-relations and self-psychology perspectives contrast sharply with earlier work in this area. With the term “sex”, we need to designate the full set of physical or psychical determinations, behaviors, fantasies, and so on, which are directly tied to the sexual function and to sexual pleasure. In 1945, Helene Deutsch publishes The Psychology of Women. Horney, K. (1966). First, psyche (or psycho) is the Greek origin, means self. Debates around gender invariably centre on the assumed ‘naturalness’ of gender roles, that they are ‘hardwired’ and an inevitable result of our biology – that is, penises lead to masculinity and vaginas lead to femininity. A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for a person based on their actual or perceived sex. Vous n’êtes actuellement pas connecté(e) en institution. What is Psychoanalysis? (2010). As a consequence of this, we can put forward a definition of gender in psychoanalysis: gender designates in psychoanalysis the limit that is situated at once on the outside and on the inside of sex, the littoral or the margin of sex that is capable of revealing the depth of its field. He called this the phallic stage, which occurs between three and six years old. In a slightly different vein, Colette Chiland [10] continues to voice concern over the articulation between words and reality, with “gender” seeming to give rise in her analysis to issues that the psychiatric nosography would do well to define in order to ensure a firmer grasp of its content. To pursue this same line, we may indicate the point of opening offered by Claire Nahon [9] on the basis of “trans-sexuality”, which sets out various useful possibilities by which the sex / gender opposition might be broached, approaches that are especially useful for our attempts at a circumscription of an object that is indeed rather troubling. This “learning” happens by way of many different agents of socialization. Psychanalyse et homosexualité : réflexions sur le désir pervers, l’injure et la fonction paternelle. [26] Then, she sets out the reading and the analyses of the works of Freud by K. Horney, J. Riviere, M. Klein, K. Abraham and H. Deutsch. Le genre : de la politique à la clinique. Is psychoanalysis a “feminist theory manqué” [3]? The defense mechanism of identification is used for resolving the conflict. The psychoanalytic approach in the four treatment dyads of female therapist-male patient, male therapist-female patient, female therapist-female patient, and male therapist-male patient is presented to suggest propensities. R. Tong, in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition), 2012. During this stage, the child’s libido is focused on his or her genitals. So it is that gender creates sex in the in-between space of its intermittent trouble, at the moment of stability when it is makes itself felt. He cannot see to what extent they mold wishes and attitudes, nor can he evaluate the complexity of interactions between cultural conditions and feminine psychology. Gender is useful if it allows us to maintain this tension towards the deepening of sexual difference as an experience, and the knowledges that are extracted from it. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. He called this the phallic stage, which occurs between three and six years old. Avant propos. She develops a reading and an analysis of the history of three generations of Russian women caught in the revolutionary movement and the war of the time, which brings very much to the foreground the political dimension of the question of female psychology during this period of world conflict, in particular on the basis of their integration into the economic life of the country. And within this conception there is then imposed the supremacy of sex over gender, which would pre-exist it and would be superior to it within a hierarchical relationship. This meets up with certain aspects of what Jessica Benjamin puts forward in her book Like Subjects, Love Objects: Essays on Recognition and Sexual Difference. No other discipline manages to keep a hold on it for its own exclusive use. In blurring the boundaries, gender planes down the line of separation between anatomical sex and denaturalized sex, as well as the line that delimits gender itself as an “outside” of the body or an extension of identity. And here we are thinking again about what “sex” draws from the psyche, from the locus, from function, from the object, and so on. Psychoanalysis has sometimes been accused of being its agent when it “enjoins” the subject to push onward and develop the truth of his sex, which from our point of view represents a confusion of the truths at play in medicine and in psychoanalysis, which actually diverge, as well as the subjects who have been shown not to be open to such rapid comparison: the subject of the unconscious is not the subject of law, nor is it the subject of medicine or of philosophy. Time, and girls learn to be developed and studied in greater depth way adults play with infants been! 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