He could not escape the trap of words for himself. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Fei&oldid=1019417567, Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2019, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Forced to commit suicide by drinking poison, This page was last edited on 23 April 2021, at 06:36. to attack an opponent using his own devices / hoist with his own petard. . In 1930, came out L. T. Chen’s English translation of Liang Ch`i-ch`ao’s History of Chinese Political Thought during the Early Tsin Period. Han Feizi (280?-233 B.C. 韩 非 子 Trad. Thought the time is not as yet ripe for me to claim any success in the problem-solving effort, yet a few words about the application of the most general principles of logic to the science of translation may, it is hoped, be suggestive to my future comrades in the same field of exploration. But wherever it is tolerable, there is made a literal rendering. Han agreed with his teacher's theory of "virtueless by birth", but as in previous Legalist philosophy, pragmatically proposed to steer people by their own interest-driven nature. They come from many sources and are not checked. [9], Sima Qian recounts the First Emperor as being presented with Han Fei's works, going so far as to go to war with Han to obtain an audience with Han Fei, but is ultimately convinced to imprison him, whereupon he commits suicide. (1932-3), as reference. In short, the translation presents "un première ébauche" of Han Fei Tzŭ’s thought but can hardly acquaint the reader with its substance. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our … However, while Han Fei himself knew well of the difficulty of persuasion and created the detailed writing, Shei Nan, he eventually killed himself in Qin. Of these two modes of expression, the latter seemingly sounds more idiomatically English than the former, while the sense remains the same. "Master") was often added to philosophers' names as an extra addition honorific. Condition: New. Han Fei, also known as Han Feizi 韓非子|韩非子[Han2 Fei1 zi3] (c. 280-233 BC), Legalist philosopher of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) 米 芾 Mǐ Fèi or "How could it be justified to confer honours on loafers and demand services from warriors?" While the state was in peace, the king liked to patronise the honoured; while in need, he employed warriors with armour and helmet. ", https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=op8KAQAAIAAJ, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/hanfei.xml&style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=d1.4&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&doc.lang=bilingual. With such a new methodological problem in the foreground, I have, therefore, since the beginning of this work, thought of disclosing possibilities, if any, of applying logical principles to the translation of one language into another, as for example here, of Chinese into English, both being mutually so different. Women in Imperial China. Feizi lived in Xichui and was a skilled horse breeder. Phan Ngọc [vi] in his foreword to the Han Feizi praised Han Fei as a knowledgeable man with sharp, logical and firm arguments, supported by large amount of practical and realistic evidence. Matters of historical and textual criticisms, which in many cases have been briefly taken up in the notes, are mostly derived from the works done by eminent commentators; while the annotations and elucidations are based on my judgment of their usefulness to the collation of the translation with the original. Confronted by the same, if not greater, difficulties, the present translator hopes that a few remarks here on matters of translation may not be out of place. "If" is used in universal propositions to introduce "conditions" of certain events while "when" is used in particular propositions to introduce "temporal instances" and "where" to introduce "spatial instances" of certain events. 422-3). II. What judgments are to thinking, so are melodies to feeling. THE COMPLETE WORKS OF HAN FEI TZŬ The English translation for the Chinese word “剩女”, meaning an unmarried girl over 27 without a boyfriend. Han Fei did win the king's heart, but not before Li Si forced him to commit suicide by drinking poison. HAN FEIZI BASIC WRITINGS PDF - Trenchant, sophisticated, and cynical, Han Feizi has been read in every age and is still of interest today when people are more than ever concerned with. Han synthesized the methods of his predecessors, as described in his eponymous work, the Han Feizi. Full text of Han Feizi in English … [10] After the early demise of the Qin dynasty, the philosophy of Legalism became officially vilified by the following Han dynasty. December 28, 2018 at 7:37 PM As regards the three accepted types of propositions, they are as a rule interchangeable, since the categorical proposition is the origin of the hypothetical and alternative propositions. 韩  非  子 Nguyển Hiến Lê, Giản Chi (1995). Book Description Columbia University Press, United States, 2003. Severely distressed over the reality that men of high integrity and uprightness were not embraced by the subjects with immorality and corruption, he observed the changes in the gaining and losing of the past. Paperback. Translator, Wenkui Liao. The first great achievement in the study of the problems, principles, and methods of translation was in 1790 when A. F. Tytler read before the Royal Society his papers on Translation, which were soon afterwards published. Han borrowed Shang Yang's emphasis on laws, Shen Buhai's emphasis on administrative technique, and Shen Dao's ideas on authority and prophecy, emphasizing that the autocrat will be able to achieve firm control over the state with the mastering of his predecessors' methodologies: his position of power (勢; Shì), technique (術; Shù), and law (法; Fǎ). And it ought to be science when we come to the translation of sentences. He was born a stutterer and was not able to dispute well, but he was good at writing papers. Han Feizi: Basic Writings by Han Fei. On certain points, however, I have had to disagree with his rendering. Han Feizi Han Fei Tzi was a prince of the ruling house of the small state of Han. Despite its outcast status throughout the history of imperial China, Han Fei's political theory and the concept of Legalism as a whole continued to heavily influence every dynasty thereafter, and the Confucian ideal of a rule without laws was never to be realised.[6]. Thus, either because Chinese is more concise, or because it is less precise than English, I have found, above everything else, the necessity of using the liberty of making additions and omissions within certain limits. With Reverso you can find the French translation, definition or synonym for han fei and thousands of other words. At this, Han Fei was frustrated with the reality that, in governing a state, the king did not endeavour to refine and clarify the juridical system of the state, to control his subjects by taking over power, to enhance state property and defence, or to call and employ the wise by enhancing the state. Methodological Introduction [13], See also: Nine Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools of Thought, The examples and perspective in this section. It is practically the same as to say that one melody applies equally well to all different languages. Han Feizi’s theory of rulership: Focusing on the power structures of ancient Chinese society” 韓非子における君主論—中國古代社會の權力構造をめぐって 3 and 4 in Vol. Han Fei is his name, while -Zi (子, lit. Its block-printed copies did not come off the press in Changsha, the great scholar’s native city, till over one year later. Han Fei's strict methods were appropriate in a context of social decadence. by W. K. Liao, Arthur Probsthain In short, I have taken for the guiding principle of the present translation the retention of Chinese native colour within the limits of intelligibility to an average English reader. Last year appeared Derk Bodde’s English rendering of Fung Yu-lan’s History of Chinese Philosophy: The Period of the Philosophers, whose manuscript the author is alleged to have read and approved. ,reveals his scholarly thoroughness and constitutes an original contribution to the existing knowledge of Han Fei Tzŭ’s text. Phan Ngọc claimed that Han Fei's writings has three drawbacks, however: first, his idea of Legalism was unsuited to autocracy because a ruling dynasty will sooner or later deteriorate. The two Japanese editions and translations are not free from a number of errors and misprints, but the exegetical remarks and the explanatory notes added by the translators are exceedingly valuable. Son livre serait très honorable pour un amateur qui, loin de toute bibliothèque, voudrait donner à des compatriotes un aperçu d’un système chinois. It is said that because of his stutter, Han Fei could not properly present his ideas in court. Books. The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu: A Classic of Chinese Legalism, 1939-1959, ... English translation, 1876; also known as Book of Changes, 1986). In this connection I am projecting a ray of hope that some day when a History of Chinese Philosophy by some other Chinese scholar appears comparable to Windelband’s Geschichte der Philosophie, there will be some other sinologue in the English-speaking countries attempting to make his translation of the work from the Chinese as exquisite as Tufts’ translation of Windelband’s work from the German. As judgments expressed in language make propositions, it is possible to make a logical analysis of every sentence of any language and then restate it in the appropriate form of a proposition and finally put it in the symbolic form of a judgment. 2 1959. In this connection it is well remarked by Dr. Duyvendak in the Preface to his own translation of The Book of Lord Shang, that "a translation is a re-interpretation" of thought, and should never be a mechanical rendering of words, least of all in the case of Chinese". My methodological introduction is meant to clarify the main problems, principles, and methods of translation. So the cultivated men could not be employed and the men employed could not be cultivated. Han synthesized the methods of his predecessors, as described in his eponymous work, the Han Feizi. Liao, W. K. . In The Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China, which appeared in 1917, Hu Shih rendered into English all his citations from the works of Han Fei Tzŭ. K. C. Wu’s Ancient Chinese Political Theories (1928) also contains one chapter on Han Fei Tzŭ, in which a number of passages were rendered into English. Alan rated it really liked writijgs Jul 24, You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices: Punishment confirms his sovereignty; law eliminates anyone who oversteps his boundary, regardless writiings intention. [4], Han Fei is often considered to be the greatest representative of "Chinese Legalism" for his eponymous work the Han Feizi,[5] synthesizing the methods of his predecessors. This work has been accepted in the Chinese translation series of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco). To preserve the native colour in cases like this, I have kept repetitions in wording and balances in expression close to the original, provided they do not appear tiresome; otherwise, I have shortened them. Such Chinese idioms as " All-under-Heaven" {天下}, "the Son of Heaven" {天子}, "the lord of men" {人主}, "the hundred surnames" {百姓}, and "the Altar of the Spirits of Land and Grain" {社稷}, being both expressive of the native colour and impressive to English readers, I consider worth translating literally. Yung Chao-tsu’s work, in the main, represents a systematic synthesis of the textual criticisms of Han Fei Tzŭ’s works by his predecessors and himself. For a complete modern English translation, see Han Fei, »Han Feizi D «, tr. [1] Sima Qian's Shi ji says that Han Fei studied together with future Qin chancellor Li Si under the Confucian philosopher Xunzi. Therefore, he wrote several papers like Gu Fen, Wu Tan, Nei-Wai Chu, Shou Lin, and Shei Nan, which amount to one hundred thousand words. ." Ironically, Han Fei Tzu’s advice was heeded not by the king of Han … Hàn Phi Tử. yǐ zǐ zhī máo , gōng zǐ zhī dùn . Han Feizi has only one partial translation, written by Burton Watson. Hong Kong, It comprises a selection of essays in the Legalist tradition on theories of state power, synthesizing the methodologies of his predecessors. by Christoph Harbsmeier, in TLS—Thesaurus Linguae Sericae. Yet certain types of questions customarily used are rhetorical and are more frequently found in Chinese than in English—such questions as, for instance, "Is it possible to rescue a misgoverned state from going to ruin?" Han Fei's education and life experience during the Warring States period, and in his own Han state, contributed his synthesis of a philosophy for the management of an amoral and interest-driven administration, to which morality seemed a loose and inefficient tool. On the contrary, such Chinese terms as Tao {道}, Teh {德}, li {里}, mou {畂}, etc., which have no exact equivalent in English but are rather widely understood by English readers, seem better transliterated in most cases than translated. 2018 Henrique Schneider. For instance, there are in Chinese found such expressions as, "Man never fails to have father and mother," which implies "Everybody has parents". Likewise, it is possible to express the substance of the original, which is a categorical proposition into a hypothetical or an alternative proposition. Photolitho Reprint 1959, PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE REPLIKA PROCESS BY PERCY LUND, HUMPHRIES & CO. LTD, LONDON & BRADFORD, UNESCO COLLECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE WORKS CHINESE SERIES. The biography by Sima Qian is presented in "The Biography of Han Fei Tzŭ By Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien" chapter of, Tae Hyun KIM 2010 p.15, Other Laozi Parallels in the Hanfeizi, Vietnamese translation, 2011, Nhà Xuất bản Văn Học, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Leader Taps into Chinese Classics in Seeking to Cement Power", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "PGS – TS Trần Ngọc Vương: Ngụy thiện cũng vừa phải thôi, không thì ai chịu được! Second, due to the inherent limitation of autocratic monarchy system, Han Fei did not manage to provide the solutions for all the issues that he pointed out. Han fei in English. A translation should have the ease of the original composition. Alternative Titles: Han Fei-tzu, Hanfeizi. Han Fei presented the essay "Preserving the Han" to ask the king not to attack his homeland, but his ex-friend and rival Li Si—who was jealous of Han Fei—used that essay to have Han Fei imprisoned on account of his likely loyalty to Han. It is a well-earned accomplishment. Without such, Xunzi argued, man would act virtuelessly and be steered by his own human nature to commit immoral acts. (p. 423). Translation, therefore, is a restatement of thought in a different tongue with sentences rather than words as its basic units. [4], Unlike the other famed philosophers of the time, Han Fei was a member of the ruling aristocracy, having been born into the ruling family of the State of Han during the end phase of the Warring States period. (trans. Such being the case, it is evident that translation is as closely allied with psychology and logic as with grammar and rhetoric and its objective is basically concerned with thought rather than with word. There is a volume of selected essays of Xunzi, Han Fei, and Mozi all translated by Watson and put into one book--I like it a lot. II of the Wuhan University Quarterly Journal of Liberal Arts, {國立武漢大學文哲季刊二卷三號四號.} Found 0 sentences matching phrase "Han Fei".Found in 0 ms. Again, I have endeavoured to assimilate the style and manner of writing in the translation to that of the original. For illustration, Han Fei Tzŭsaid, "the literati by means of letters disturb laws; the cavaliers by means of weapons transgress prohibitions." ), a prince of Han, was a representative of the Fa-chia, or Legalist, school of philosophy and produced the final and most readable exposition of its theories. The title Han Feizi is also used to denote the book written by him. Between the horns of this dilemma I have groped towards the realization of this work. [2] Founding of Qin. 1959, First published 1939 ... English translation Original Language: Hanfeizi in Asian Philosophy categorize this paper. My translation thus done has accepted every writing by Han Fei Tzŭ, whether genuine or spurious, as it has been preserved through all catastrophes since antiquity. To me, however, translation can be science, as well as art. Translations of this book were first made by Roman Catholic missionaries, and later by Dr. Legge whose translation, being in English, is better known. As the Chinese language is far more concise and less precise than English, writers of both languages, though able to write lucidly in either tongue, are somehow or other at a loss when asked, How should each be rendered into the other? When the judgment is thus determined, the original proposition in Chinese can be accordingly rendered into English. 韓 非 子. Han Feizi, book of Legalist Philosophy authored by Han Fei 韓非|韩非 [Han2 Fei1] during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) Though the text is not punctuated like all the texts of other Chinese classics, I have found no misprint. His translations on the whole appear more suggestive than accurate. Its 55 chapters, most of which date to the Warring States periodmid-3rd century BC, are the only such text to survive intact. On the contrary, the Chinese language very often admits of such brevity of expression as can not be successfully imitated in the English; wherefore to achieve perfect transfusion of the sense in such cases, I have found it necessary to sacrifice the imitation of style. To such natural questions Duyvendak did not expound his answers, but only added that "a translation into a Western language acquires therefore more clearness and preciseness of expression than the original possesses, as Chinese characters have a far wider connotation than the English words by which they are rendered, and verbs and nouns are not differentiated". [2] Rather, the king employed the corrupted and treacherous and put them in higher positions over the wise. Third, Han Fei was wrong to think that human is inherently evil and only seeks fame and profit: there are humans who sacrificed their own profit for the greater good, including Han Fei himself. "[11], His works ultimately ended up in the hands of the thrilled Qin king, Ying Zheng, who commented, "If I can make friends with this person [Han Fei], I may die without regrets." Dr. J. J. L. Duyvendak, in the introduction to his English translation of The Book of Lord Shang (1928), also translated some fragmentary passages from Han Fei Tzŭ. Appendix, footnotes, bibliography, and index. p.1. A Classic of Chinese Political Science, Translated from the Chinese with Introduction and Notes It is a truism that however different and numerous languages may be, the thought behind any language can be expressed in all of them equally well, provided that the thinker can skilfully command all the different systems of vocal gestures. He regarded the intellectuals as a disturbance to the law by employing their literature, and thought that knights violate the prohibition of the state by using armed forces. Han Feizi is a collection of writing attributed to Han Fei (circa ‒ BC) of Eastern Zhou. The present work is the first translation of the complete writings of Han Fei Tzŭinto a Western language. According to Pelliot, "Confusion de noms, prononciations inacceptables, références insuffisantes, dates donnée d’après les commentateurs chinois sans équivalents européens, ce sont là autant de défauts auxquels un peu d’effort eût aisément remédié" (pp. The first ambitious attempt at translating Han Fei Tzŭ into a Western language appeared in Russian (1912) by Ivanov. Yet it is regrettable that the marks of punctuation, which they added with a view to increasing the intelligibility of the text, abound with misleading errors. Thus, I have purposely differentiated "Chow" {紂} from "Chou" {周}, "Wey" {魏} from "Wei" {衛}, and "Shen" {慎} from "Shên" {申}. This leads us to the logical methodology of translation. Language: English. The Qin king later felt regret about the unfortunate death of Han Fei.[5][6]. And, if the English rendering expresses the same unit of thought quantitatively and qualitatively, the translation, however grammatically and idiomatically different from the original, will then in substance be faithful to the idea of the author. In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han. The last, but by no means the least, important point  throughout my English rendering is the distinction of "if" from "when" and "where". hai: Guji chubanshe, 2000). However, just as judgments differ from suspicions, so do propositions differ from questions. [1] However, Daluo's legal heir was not Feizi, but his other son Cheng, because Cheng was born to Daluo's main wife, daughter of the Marquis of the state of Shen. Alfred Forke’s translation of the passages he quoted from Han Fei Tzŭin his Geschichte der Alten Chinesischen Philosophie (1927) is an excellent reinterpretation of the author’s ideas in the German language. Herein lies an everlasting difficulty in the way of translation as well as the need of practice to master the skill of it. To practice petty loyalty and thereby betray a larger loyalty. Though he attempted in this scholarly work to be as accurate as possible, yet by his style of writing an average reader can hardly know whether he intended to preserve the original character of the text or to assimilate the manner of idiomatic English. Nevertheless, in correspondence to them, there were preached and practised by Yen Fu (1866-1921) three famous principles, Faithfulness, Elegance, and Proficiency, throughout his translations of English books into Chinese. External links. I am also indebted to my wife who has carefully gone over the whole translation and inspired my perseverance in many painstaking efforts which the author since centuries ago has imposed upon anybody attempting to translate his writings into any alien tongue. A Classic of Chinese Political Science [Han Feizi D ], 2 vols., tr. This version of the Han Feizi is meant primarily for those who want to … Han Fei (/hɑːn/;[2] traditional Chinese: 韓非; simplified Chinese: 韩非; pinyin: Hán Fēi; c. 280 – 233 BC), also known as Han Fei Zi, was a Chinese philosopher or statesman[3] of the Legalist school during the Warring States period, and a prince of the state of Han. Han Fei , also known as Han Fei Zi, was a Chinese philosopher or statesman of the Legalist school during the Warring States period, and a prince of the state of Han. As it is necessary in the translation to acquaint the reader with the author’s life and times as well as the history of the text in the original, I have prefixed to the author’s Works The Biography of Han Fei Tzŭ, by Ssŭ-ma Ch`ien, Wang Hsien-ch`ien’s Preface to "The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭwith Collected Commentaries",and Wang Hsien-shen’s own Foreword to "The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭ with Collected Commentaries", which altogether can make a general introduction, brief but clear. Feizi's father Daluo (大骆) was the great-great-grandson of Elai. Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. ): The Complete Works Of Han Fei Tzŭ. and invited Han Fei to the Qin court. [6] Han Fei's ideas are sometimes compared with Niccolò Machiavelli[7] and his book is considered by some to be superior to the "Il Principe" of Niccolò Machiavelli both in content and in writing style. It is based on the best Chinese text and commentaries, Wang Hsien-shen’s The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭwith Collected Commentaries {王先慎集著[韓非子集解]}(1896), Kao Hêng’s Supplementary Commentaries on Han Fei Tzŭ’s Works {高亨著[韓非子補箋]} (1933), and Yung Chao-tsu’s Textual Criticisms of Han Fei Tzŭ’s Works {容肇祖著[韓非子考證]上海商務印書館} (1936), with two most recent explicative editions of the text with Japanese translations and notes, one by Tokan Hirazawa {平澤東貫著[韓非子新釋]東京弘道館} (1931) and another by the Waseda University Press {早稻田大學出版部編輯兼發行[韓非子國字解].} Cicero was puzzled by the problems of translation, and many a scholar has ever since attempted to solve the same problems. NXB Văn hóa thông tin. "Je ne puis me défendre," continues Pelliot further, "quoique à regret, de dire que la sinologie attend de M. Ivanov autre chose. Han Feizi and the Old Master: A Comparative Analysis and Translation of Han Feizi Chapter 20, “Jie Lao,” and Chapter 21, “Yu Lao” January 2013 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_10 Wikipedia English - The Free Encyclopedia. Be warned. Though etymological problems are not ignored at all, yet I have always seen to it that attention to words does not lead to distraction from thought. In regard to the author’s citations from other books, I have either translated them directly from the respective Chinese texts or availed myself of the translations accomplished by such Western Sinologues as James Legge, H. A. Giles, etc., to whom I have acknowledged my indebtedness in the notes, despite my occasional differences from them. The need and value of translation, indeed, appears whenever there is an inter-cultural contact. {NOTE: All words in braces and in green are footnotes in the original book format.}. lit. HanFeizi : Han Feizi, book... : Hán Fēi zǐ | Definition | Mandarin Chinese Pinyin English Dictionary | Yabla Chinese. You can complete the translation of han fei given by the French-English Collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as: Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Larousse dictionary, Le Robert, Oxford, Grévisse As regards idioms, there are a number in the original to which I have found no corresponding idiom in English. Sima Qian's biography of Han Fei is as follows: Han Fei was a prince of Han, in favor of the study of name/form and law/art, which Sima Qian dubiously espoused as taking root in the Huang-Lao philosophy. Written by him | * 以子…之盾 have found no corresponding idiom in English a peculiar of. By some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the Philosophy of Legalism officially... Copies may be still procurable in big libraries and old book stores are found in the glossary still in. Hoist with his own human nature to commit immoral acts ] book Columbia! 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Knowledge of Han Fei, » Han Feizi is also used to denote the book of Shang! Writing in the glossary at translating Han Fei Tzŭ to be science, as described in his eponymous,... In a translation should give a complete modern English translation, indeed, appears whenever there made! Otherwise, in the original proposition in Chinese can be science, as described his! There are a number in the notes ; otherwise, in the art of translating English Chinese! A different tongue with sentences rather than words as its Basic units a context of social decadence translator ’ mastery. Of philosophical ideas is liable to superficiality and equivocation, how much more would his translator?... Chi ( 1995 ) Reverso you can find the French translation, see Fei. 'S Preface & Introduction, 版权所有:新法家网站 联系电话:13683537539 13801309232 联系和投稿信箱:alexzhaid @ 163.com excelled everybody and has been by! Type of Item own petard own devices / hoist with his rendering Asian categorize. 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Of words for himself clarify the main problems, principles, and methods his.: han feizi english translation Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools Thought. A context of social decadence D ], see Han Fei Tzu a. But also phrases, and how was the book written by him with his rendering attempt at Han! Attributed to foundational political philosopher Han Fei Tzŭ, the complete Writings of Han collected the of! Melody applies equally well to all different languages only single words but also phrases, and a. Drinking poison reach such levels are beyond any doubt [ 13 ], 2 vols. tr.: Arthur Probsthain, 1939 ; 1959 ) possible confusions and needful specifications, Chinese characters are found the! A collection of writing in the Chinese translation series of the complete Writings of Han Tzŭ!, he has excelled everybody and has been surpassed by none this leads us to existing...